Freshwater pearl mussel
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| Freshwater pearl mussel | ||||||||||||||
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 The exterior of the shell of Margaritifera margaritifera
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| Margaritifera margaritifera Linneaus, 1758 |
The freshwater pearl mussel, scientific name Margaritifera margaritifera, is an endangered species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Margaritiferidae, the freshwater pearl mussels.
The interior of the shell of this species has thick nacre. The species is capable of making fine quality pearls, therefore it was historically exploited in the search for pearls from wild sources.
Deutsche Post featured Margaritifera margaritifera on a 2002 German € 0.56 postage stamp as part of a series on endangered species of animals [2].
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[edit] Subspecies
Subspecies within the species Margaritifera magaritifera include:
- Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Margaritifera margaritifera parvula (Haas, 1908)
- Margaritifera margaritifera durrovensis Phillips, 1928 - critically endangered subspecies in Ireland[3]. Synonym: Margaritifera durrovensis. This subspecies is mentioned in annexes II and V of Habitats Directive as Margaritifera durrovensis.
1. Posterior adductor muscle
2. Anterior adductor muscle
3. Frontal gill
4. Back gill
5. Exhalant aperture
6. Inhalant aperture
7. Foot
8. Pseudotooth
9. The hingeline and ligament
10. Mantle
11. The shell's thickest part, the umbo
[edit] Distribution
- This species is mentioned in annexes II and V of Habitats Directive.
The native distribution of this species is Holarctic.
- North America: eastern Canada and New England at northwestern of the United States
- Asia: Russian Federation
- Continental Europe, including:
- Austria
- Belgium
- Czech Republic - critically endangered (CR)[4][5]. Listed in Decree for implementation, No. 395/1992 Sb. (Czech code) (in Czech: Vyhláška 395/1992 Sb. ve znění vyhl. 175/2006 Sb.) as Critically Threatened species. It's Conservation status in 2004-2006 is bad (U2) in report for European commission in accordance with Habitats Directive.[6]
- Denmark
- Estonia
- France[7]
- Germany - critically endangered (vom Aussterben bedroht)[8]. Listed as strictly protected species in annex 1 in Bundesartenschutzverordnung.
- Great Britain
- Ireland - The Cladagh river contains one of the largest populations surviving in Northern Ireland, estimated minimum 10,000, confined to 6 km stretch of undisturbed river in the middle section.[9]
- Luxembourg
- Lithuania - extinct
- Poland - extinct[10][11]
- Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain)
- Scandinavian Peninsula (Finland, Norway, rare in Sweden[12])
[edit] References
- ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Margaritifera margaritifera. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 13 Jan 2007.
- ^ Andreas Bartl. "[http://www.briefmarken-archiv.de/brd/01/2002/a020602.htm Bauchige Windelschnecke und Flussperlmuschel]". Retrieved on 2007-05-14. (German)
- ^ 2007 IUCN Red List – Search
- ^ Juřičková L., Horsák M. & Beran L., 2001: Check-list of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem., 65: 25-40.
- ^ Red List of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic http://mollusca.sav.sk/malacology/redlist.htm
- ^ Dušek J., Hošek M. & Kolářová J. (2007) Hodnotící zpráva o stavu z hlediska ochrany evropsky významných druhů a typů přírodních stanovišť v České republice za rok 2004-2006. - Ochrana přírody, 62(5): appendix 5:I-IV. (in Czech language)
- ^ "Recherche de sites par espèce: Invertébrés: Moule perlière (Margaritifera margaritifera)" (2007).
- ^ Glöer P. & Meier-Brook C. (2003) Süsswassermollusken. DJN, pp. 134, page 109, ISBN 3-923376-02-2
- ^ Joint Nature Conservation Committeewebsite]
- ^ Margaritifera margaritifera - Polska Czerwona Księga Zwierząt - Bezkręgowce
- ^ pl:Polska Czerwona Księga Zwierząt - Bezkręgowce
- ^ [1] cited 16 February 2007
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